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Whether you e looking for comfortable casual shoes, this list
contains some of the top brands in comfortable shoes for men. Here
you l find information about perfect comfortable casual shoes
which provide all-day support, comfort, and latest style and the
important thing is all shoes are available in various colors and
sizes . If you need help choosing a style, be sure to check out
these tips for finding a perfect pair of durable leather Shoes.
Where to Buy Comfortable Shoes Terrifis is right place for those
people who want or need comfortable shoes at affordable price.
Terrifis provide a great range of comfortable men leather shoes.
Here you l find leather shoes chosen in various colors, designs,
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purchase all comfortable men casual shoes online. You can find
latest designer shoes from an extensive range in black, brown, dark
brown and grey colors at unbelievably low prices. Bear Mens Comfort
Leather Shoes Bear Mens shoes offer something that many of the
other leather comfort shoes don – extremely trendy styling. In
fact, there are several colors of Bear mens leather shoes like
black, brown and tan so you can choose any pair according your
dress and event. Walker Mens Comfort Leather Shoes With features
such as arch support, high quality material, hard wearing Rubber
sole and Neat Stitching Details, Walker Mens Comfort Leather Shoes
offer plenty of comfort enhancement, as well as being probably the
most legendary shoe pair on Terrifis. Cross Mens Comfort Leather Shoes Handsome Cross Mens Comfort Leather Shoes with leather sole
and contrast stitching for long-lasting wear. These lace-up shoes
are available in black and brown color. Cross Mens Shoes is crafted
with best quality leather to achieve the highest level of comfort.
Fun Mens Comfort Leather Shoes The ultimate in fit and great
design, Fun Mens Comfort Leather Shoes offer complete comfort which
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you value of money. Jump Mens Comfort Leather Shoes Jump leather
shoes with artistic styling, superior craftsmanship , and attention
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Jump Mens Comfort Leather Shoes, you can really see the quality of
leather – when you put a pair on , you can feel it. Terrifis is one
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various designs and colors with top rated customer services. It
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It can be difficult to find the type of shoe that you are looking
for. No matter where you live, if you have changing temperatures
during the winter season, you want to be sure that the boots you
are wearing are both warm and comfortable. UGG Boots can provide
you with these two things, and they can do so in a way that looks
great and does not break the bank, either. It can be said that
sheepskin ugg boots will be never out of fashion. And this season,
there are so many beautiful and sexy ugg boots born. And this time,
girls all pursuit the ugg boots whose height is over knee and just
show only a small cut thigh or even to the root of thigh. The
effect is so perfect.Like classic short ugg boots, bailey button
uggs are calf-height boot made from genuine twin-face sheepskin. we
have updated this traditional style with a wooden UGG logo button
and elastic band closure. The Bailey Button can either be worn up
or cuffed down adding a little variety depending on your style. All
boots in our Classic Collection feature a soft foam insole covered
with genuine sheepskin and have a molded EVA light and flexible
outsole designed for amazing comfort with every step. When it comes
to what you are wearing on your feet in the winter, warmth and
comfort are the two main qualities to look for in a boot. Be sure
that you are providing yourself with enough layers and insulation
to stay healthy and safe during the colder months. Many people
think that if they are not spending long periods of time out in the
cold, it does not really matter what they are wearing on their
feet. However, this could not be more incorrect. Even if you are
out in the cold for just a few minutes, your feet can freeze
quickly. Also, even if the temperatures are not that cold, they can
still become damaged. Wearing regular shoes in the winter, or boots
that are not of high quality, can lead to safety issues. Without
the proper footwear, you can slip and fall easily, and if you need
to walk through deep snow you can find that your shoes and socks
are quickly soaked. Once your feet get wet, it does not matter how
much longer you will be out in the cold – because wet feet mean you
need to go indoors right away. It simply is not safe to have thin
boots for the winter. Be sure that you are providing your feet with
the warmth and comfort that they deserve. You want to be sure that you have the right brand names and the right types of boots for
your needs – whether you are only going to be out in the snow for a
little while, or whether you are going to be out there all day. For
many individuals, UGG Boots provide the perfect insulation and
comfort for the winter months. UGG boots are both warm and
comfortable. These two factors are extremely important, no matter
what amount of time you are going to be spending out in the
weather. UGG boots are made out of a material that is water
resistant, meaning that no water, and no cold air , can get into
your boots. They will keep in the warmth of your feet, because of
their outer shell and their inner linings. Once you slip your feet
into a pair of these boots , they will be warm and toasty until it
is time to take them off. You will be able to take advantage of the
great warmth that UGG Boots have to offer. Although, boots that are
just warm but not comfortable will not get the job done in the
wintertime. UGG Boots are made of materials that cushion and
support your feet. You will feel less like you are wearing clunky
boots and more like you are wearing soft slippers when you put your
feet into UGG Boots. You can also take advantage of the great
styles and selections. Everyone knows that warmth and comfort are
great , but you also want to have boots that make your feet look
great and are fashionable as well. There is no sense in being out
of style when you do not have to – and with UGG Boots you can enjoy
the style that goes along with UGG Shoes – in their boots as well.
When you are looking for UGG Boots, you will have plenty of styles
to choose from. There are ankle length boots for those short
excursions, and shin and knee high boots for the times in which you
plan on being out in the cold for much longer. You can also choose
from a variety of sizes and widths, which means that no matter what
size your own feet are, you will be able to enjoy UGG boots that
fit you right. People become addicted of them because of their soft
style and benefits. Men, women, kids, oldies all are passionate and
crazy for ugg classic boots. Origin of ugg boots can be found in
twentieth century. Opinion of most of the people about cheap uggs
sale is that they were first introduced in Australia. Ugg Boots are
built for ultimate comfort. As an ankle height boot, the Ugg bailey
button triplet is perfect for year round wear. So you can wear them
in wet weather. A good quality pair of ugg boots, they will give
you more comfortable feeling. With other brands of boots, you might
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This allows you to be able to have outdoor outfits that make you
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indoors. Winter time does not need to be a time where you are out
of style – with the warmth and comfort of UGG Boots. The related
articles at http://www.classiccardyuggs.org
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Have you ever wished that you could change something about the way
that you look? Have you ever wished that you could be thinner, or
possibly have a different body shape? Well, it is a fact that the
majority of women say that there is at least one thing that they
could change about their appearance. Although, throughout this
article, I not going to address ways in which you can actually
change your physical appearance by losing weight, but,
alternatively, there is another way in which you can “alter” your
image. Throughout this article, I will be discussing how you can
ALTER your appearance simply by choosing the right shoe for your
body type.This article is mainly directed towards women, purely because they are offered a much larger variety of shoes than those
offered to men. I will be discussing three topics on which you can
alter your appearance by selecting the right pair of shoes. These four areas would be making your legs look longer and more defined,
changing your height, making your feet appear smaller, and taking
inches off the width of your body.First, I l start with the legs.
There are some ways in which shoes can actually make your legs
appear longer than they actually are. All it takes is the right
pair of shoes. The shoes that do the trick are based on the color
that they are, it really doesn matter what type of shoe it is,
and it could be anything. Nude shoes are what make this appearance
of long legs happen. Naturally, heels work quite effectively in
making the legs look longer, however nude heels really go above and
beyond. This is simply because the nude shoes “trick” the human eye
into believing the legs are longer than they actually are. The
color nude creates quite an illusion because individuals are unable
to tell where the leg ends and where the shoe begins; it appears as
though the legs go on forever. If you are really anti-nude, and
absolutely hate the color, or don have anything to match it, you
can actually wear any color tights with that same color shoes , and
it l provide the same effect.Pointy-toed shoes can actually make
your legs look longer because they extend beyond the actual length
of your foot. However, pointy-toed shoes are also mentioned later
in this article as adding length to your feet; therefore, they make
your feet appear larger than they actually are.There are some other
tips in which you can elongate your legs that do not have to do
with your shoes. This can be done by wearing short hemlines on your
skirts. Any article of clothing that allows for a lot of flesh to
be shown will make your legs appear longer and leaner. For the same
effect, you can also try the new trend of wearing high-waist pants;
these create the illusion that your legs are a mile long.The next way in which you can alter your appearance with shoes is the idea
of changing your height. This idea is the most obvious one, but all
the same, it changes your appearance. If you wish to be taller, all
you need to do is purchase a great pair of heels. The wonderful
thing about heels is that you can find almost any height from a
one-half inch to six or seven inches. Also, the great thing about
heels is that not only can you find them in any height, but the
fashion industry has created such a variety of looks. You can
increase your height with regular heels, pumps, platform pumps,
platform shoes, wedges, and so many more.The next way in which you
can alter your appearance through the shoes you wear can be broken
down into many different categories, and I will be listing and
discussing each. This way of altering your appearance is to find
shoes that make your feet appear smaller.Most people know that the
color black is a magical way of making anything and anyone appear
smaller. Therefore, any shoe of dark shades will make create the
illusion that your feet are actually smaller than they really
are.Another way that you can make your feet look smaller is by
wearing heels. Since the foot is not completely flat, it visually
takes inches off the length. Therefore, not only do heels make your
feet look smaller, but they also make your legs look
longer.Finally, the last way in which you can create the illusion
of a smaller foot is to wear round-toed shoes instead of
pointed-toe shoes. This is due to the fact that the point of the
shoes extends further than the actual length of the foot. In order
to make your feet appear smaller, avoid pointy-toed shoes. The final
way in which you are able to adjust your appearance with the right
pair of shoes is by “shifting” your weight, and making yourself
appear thinner. Wearing wedges are one way in which you can appear
thinner. They add definition and form to heavy ankles, often called
“cankles” (when your calf and ankle appear to be one with each
other). Also, another way to appear thinner is to avoid any shoes
with ankle straps. Strappy ankles shorten the leg, and make an
individual look stumpy. Heels with an open back or just a sling
back will also make your legs look thinner.Throughout this article
I have discussed many ways in which shoes can visually alter your
appearance. I hope that these tips have helped you in deciding
which shoes to wear for certain occasions and also which shoes to
purchase that will best suit your body type or just the way you
would like to appear. Shoes are a wonderful accessory and it is
amazing what they can do for our appearance.
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admin — Sun, 05 Feb 2012 12:32:20 +0000

As being a bride, you want that all elements of your wedding to be
at its best. From the wedding gown, accessories down to the bridal
shoes, every thing ought to be ideal. In choosing the perfect pair,
there are many things that require to take into consideration.
Comfort becoming the most essential element and needless to say ,
the fashion issues. It what people today see and would certainly
notice. And if you are one of these brides who e willing to spend
more simply to possess the best in the world , you may want to wear
designer wedding shoes to fit your flawlessly made wedding
dress.These shoes could be pricey but it is because they e
exquisitely handmade, personalized and certainly unique. These are
regarded as the cream of the crop among wedding shoes, being the
most lovely and the most stylish. You can find a lot of designer
wedding shoes available but I could need to present you some of the
most popular options.Diane Hassall Wedding Shoes. Diane Hassal
bridal shoes are one of the most well-liked elegantly created
shoes. Diane Hassal is recognized to take consolation seriously as she makes sure that all of her designed wedding shoes are comfy.
Made from genuine silks and delicate leather, each pair of shoes is
skillfully handcrafted giving this kind of interest to particulars.
With this kind of pricey materials along with the elaborate style,
it makes one of the coolest shoes within the market.Benjamin Adams
Wedding Shoes. This assortment of shoes is known for utilizing
white sequins and glowing Swarovki crystals. These ornaments are
carefully crafted in classic ivory satin to produce delicate,
luxurious design. Benjamin Adams also makes use of good quality
comfortable leather to give the bride the best comfort she
deserves.Liz Rene Shoes. Liz Rene enables you to personal shoes
with high quality of elegance and consolation that designer wedding
shoes offer in a affordable value. These footwear are from dyeable silk satin and pure leather sole to make certain comfort which are
gracefully developed and crafted.Else Wedding Shoes. Else delivers
high quality of sophisticated layout at a price which is fairly
affordable . These bridal shoes ranges from high platforms sandals,
peep to t-bars and embellished sandals exquisitely designed for the
youthful at coronary heart brides.Kate Spade Designer Wedding
shoes. Kate Spade is well -known for its countless and everlasting
layout. These bridal shoes are made in Italy and were created
utilizing silk satin that arrives in its traditional white or some
other colours. What makes it well- liked to most brides will be the
uniqueness of its designs and styles.Diane Lynn Designer Wedding
Shoes. Made from genuine pure silk satin and delicate leather, this
shoe collection is elegantly created utilizing numerous luxurious
ornaments. This includes jewels, beaded straps as well as
rhinestones. Each pieces of these luxurious accessories are
delicately positioned to make beautifully crafted shoes.Stuart
Weitzman Shoes. Stuart Weitzman is one of the most well-liked
designer bridal shoes because of its fantastic classic but daring
designs. With different styles that selection from high platforms
to stylish peep toe, it not difficult to find that most suitable
pair of shoes.Weddings are this kind of joyous event that everyone
participating within the wedding entourage are energized to put on
designer wedding shoes. It helps display their lovely toes that
make them appear beautiful on the big day.
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If you are looking for a great pair of dress shoes for men, then
this list of dress shoes for men is an essential guide for you. The
Banana Republic Turnstyle loafers are a great sleek option in
footwear that can be yours for $ 140.00. These shoes are highlighted
by leather uppers and a leather lining with Dual Zone Comfort
Technology. The insole is fitted with EVA memory foam for a look
that cannot be beat! The leather outsole is split with rubber
forepart for maximum flexibility, reduced shock and better
traction. These are a great pair of everyday black shoes that you
will love and will keep you looking polished. For major comfort
with a major pricetag, pick up the classically designed Mephisto
Dalton oxford shoes. These shoes feature rich leather uppers with
classic design details. The Goodyear welt construction creates
durability, while a removable Air-Relax insole uses thousands of
air bubbles to offer cushioning and support. These shoes are
finished with a 100% natural rubber outsole with a shock absorbing
pod. These shoes are a major option that you will adore for comfort
with a classic look that will always be in style. Take care of
these shoes, because at $ 465.00, you cannot afford to mistreat
these amazing shoes! If you love the classic style of the Sperry
Top-Sider Beef Roll shoes, pick up this option now. With a round
toe, these shoes are finished with stain and water resistant
leather for durable and long-lasting wear. These shoes also have a
removable full length molded footbed and non marking rubber outsole
with Wave-Sipping. These shoes are an incredible option for
predictable, but polished appearance in the office and out. Great
with jeans, khakis, and your suit, these shoes are a great option
if you cannot be bothered with coordinating. These shoes will go
with everything! For a great pair of cap toe oxfords, pick up the
Michael Toschi Pietro shoes for $ 695.00. These shoes are complete
with anatomically neutral carbon fibers with a platform that
reduces fatigue, increases stability, and is ultra lightweight.
These shoes also have a DuraGel heel and forefoot pads to absorb
shock and impact fatigue. The geometrically engineered midsole
favors anatomical movements of the foot, while the flexible
independent suspension pillars provide a cushioned metatarsal flex
zone. These shoes are equipped with technical features designed to
make your day filled with comfort and support. Pick up this choice
for major comfort that will never go away! If you are looking for a
unique pair of footwear to wear with your suit or work attire, pick
up the Tsubi Anville boots. These boots are designed in the
Chelsea-boot style. These ankle boots feature burnished suede
uppers for a lived-in look and elastic side panels for easy on and
off. The removable, contoured insole boosts your comfort level with
every step, while the EVA and rubber sole give these boots a
reliable grip that gets you from one end of the town to the other.
These are great for men who live in metropolitan areas and are
often walking long distances everyday. If you need true comfort and
would love a little bit of unique edginess in your footwear
choices, these are the boots for you! This list of dress shoes for
men will have your style bases covered and will provide you with
the comfort and durability you need to last you for years! About
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Communicate Everywhere – Ashore and Aboard – FREE Articles Directory

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November 25, 2010
It is important to have a high quality communication system on board to ensure safety for boaters. Before, you set out, it is advisable to make sure the boat is equipped with more than one communication device, so that it can be used to send out emergency signals while on board or call for help. Accidentally, numerous boaters die, as they do not have equipment to send out an emergency call and they do not get timely help. br br Some of the important communications equipment that enables efficient communication while on the water is discussed below: br br Marine VHF Radio: This equipment is usually installed on all boats and is used for a range of purposes. It is mainly used to communicate herve leger bandage dress with other boaters or the nearest marina or service facility. It is also a very useful device for summoning rescue service. The VHF radio that operates in the VHF frequency between 156 and 174The VHF radio that operates in the VHF frequency between 156 to 174 MHZ is widely used for avoiding collision of ships at sea MHZ is vastly used for preventing collision of vessels at sea. Marine VHF Radio mostly works on the principle of implex transmission, where communication takes place in only one direction at a time. br br VHS with DSC: Many newer VHS radios are not available with DSC. Activating the DSC DISTRESS function will transmits a MAYDAY which will consist of vessel identification, coordinates and time, to facilitate prompt response. Another importnat advantage of the DCS is the ability to easily share position info with other DSC-equipped vessels using the position request and advanced position sharing functions. With the push of a few buttons you can request the position of another vessel, or simply send your position information to the vessel you select.br br VHF Handheld Radio: While not a requirement a hand held VHF radio can serve as an inexpensive spare radio in case of a malfunction of the installed radio. Handheld VHF radios are usually water resistant or water proof, sometimes float and can be used as an emergency communication devise in the event of a ditching. They also feature various NOAA weather broadcasting stations.br br Marine Speakers: Marine speakers, unlike the ordinary herve leger skirt speakers, are of much higher standards. They are specifically built to withstand Volkswagen car care tips harsh conditions of the sea. Amplifiers, speakers and subwoofers make up a complete marine entertainment system. The main behind load hailer speakers is to make loud announcements and instructions to make sure that any nearby person hears them. The loud hailer can also be used as a fog signaling devisebr br Single Sideband Radiotelephone: This high-powered radio is an ideal tool, which is used for long range communications usually by long distance cruisers and commercial operators. Those radiotelephones are built in a way that they withstand the rigors of the seas. Some radiotelephones also have emailing capabilities. Operating a Single Side Band radio demands a Ham Radio license. Most of the newer Single Side Band radios have Digital Signal Processing (DSP) virtually eliminates noise and interference and operate on 1300 channels.br br About The Author: br eFishBox is a http://www.efishbox.com/page/home Fishing and Boating Electronics Outfitter Store. For more information on http://www.efishbox.com/page/marine-and-land-commu nication / marine and land communication visit our communications page. We offer great customer care a

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WGTRFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation , searchWGTRCity of licenseBucksport, South CarolinaBroadcast areaMyrtle BeachBrandingGator 107.9Slogan # 1 For New CountryFrequency107.9 MHzFirst air dateMarch 19, 1993FormatCountry musicERP50, 000 ERPHAAT 239.0 metersClassC2Facility ID3118Transmitter coordinates33 ° 35 5 .00 “N 79 ° 3 1 .00″ W? / ? 33.59583 ° N 79.05306 ° W? / 33.59583;-79.05306Callsign meaningW G a T o ROwnerQantum of Myrtle Beach License Company, LLC (Qantum of Myrtle Beach License Company, LLC) Sister stationsMix 97.7, 104.9 BOB-FM, Rock 107Websitegator1079.comWGTR is a Country music radio station owned by the Qantum Communications Company licensed to Bucksport, Dolce Gabbana sac , South Carolina and serves the Myrtle Beach area. The Qantum of Myrtle Beach outlet is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC) to broadcast at 107.9 MHz with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 50 kW. The station goes by the name The Gator and its current slogan is “# 1 For New Country, jimmy choo sac , Gator 107.9 “Contents1 On-air staff2 History3 References4 External links [edit] On-air staffGator Morning Show with Tige and Daniel; 5:30-10am hosted by Tige Rodgers and Daniel BakerAmber; 10am-3pmJohnny Walker 3pm-7pmJeff Benton 7pm-12am [edit] HistoryThe station went on the air as WGTR on January 19, 1993 with its country music format. [1] [edit] References ^ “WGTR Call Sign History”. United States Federal Communications Commission, louis vuitton recrutement , audio division. http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/ pubacc / prod / call_hist.pl? Facility_id = 3118

Yahoo! News

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June 11, 2010
The sun is about to get a lot more active, which could have ill effects on Earth. So to prepare, top sun scientists met Tuesday to discuss the best ways to protect Earth satellites and other vital systems from the coming solar storms. Solar storms occur when sunspots on our star erupt and spew out flumes of charged particles that can damage power systems. The sun activity typically follows an 11-year cycle, and it looks to be coming out of a slump and gearing up for an active period. “The sun is waking up from a deep slumber, and in the next few years we expect to see much higher levels of solar activity,” said Richard Fisher, head of NASA Heliophysics Division . “At the same time, our technological society has developed an unprecedented sensitivity to solar storms. The intersection of these two issues is what we e getting together to discuss.” Fisher and other experts met at the Space Weather Enterprise Forum, which took place in Washington, DC, at the National Press Club. Bad news for gizmos People of the 21st century rely on high-tech systems for the basics of daily life. But smart power grids, GPS navigation, air travel, financial services and emergency radio communications can all be knocked out by intense solar activity. A major solar storm could cause twenty times more economic damage than Hurricane Katrina, warned the National Academy of Sciences in a 2008 report, “Severe Space Weather Events-Societal and Economic Impacts.” [ Photos: Sun storms.] Luckily, much of the damage can be mitigated if managers know a storm is coming. That why better understanding of solar weather, and the ability to give advance warning, is especially important. Putting satellites in afe mode and disconnecting transformers can protect electronics from damaging electrical surges. “Space weather forecasting is still in its infancy, but we e making rapid progress,” said Thomas Bogdan, director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Space Weather Prediction Center in Boulder, Colo. Eyes on the sun NASA and NOAA work together to manage a fleet of satellites that monitor the sun and help to predict its changes. A pair of spacecraft called STEREO (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory) is stationed on opposite sides of the sun, offering a combined view of 90 percent of the solar surface. In addition, SDO (the Solar Dynamics Observatory), which just launched in February 2010, is able to photograph solar active regions with unprecedented spectral, temporal and spatial resolution. Also , an old satellite called the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), which launched in 1997, is still chugging along monitoring winds coming off the sun. And there are dozens more dedicated to solar science. “I believe we e on the threshold of a new era in which space weather can be as influential in our daily lives as ordinary terrestrial weather. “Fisher said.” We take this very seriously indeed. “http://news.yahoo.com/s/space/20100609/sc_space/ mo reactivesunmeansnastysolarstormsahead

Feds Pull Funding for Key Chan

admin — Wed, 25 Jan 2012 19:32:15 +0000

October 23, 2010
The waters of the Santa Barbara Channel are a majestic, mysterious, and often dangerous place to work and play. Luckily, for the boaters, surfers, divers, and fishers who find themselves on the frontlines of this open water landscape, a patchwork of data buoys bob at strategic points throughout the channel and the waters north. They stream real-time data Bottega Veneta Handbags about ocean, wind, and weather conditions to prevent any nasty surprises from catching mariners off-guard. However, if a recent funding decision by the federal government National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) stands, two of these valuable stations-specifically the West Santa Barbara Channel buoy and the Pt. Arguello buoy-will be decommissioned in coming months and removed by the end of the summer, leaving a potentially treacherous information hole at the northwestern gate of the Channel. In an average year, 7,000 vessels weighing 300 tons or more traverse the Santa Barbara Christian Dior Handbags Channel, as well as countless smaller vessels. All of them-whether they be merchant maritimers, wave-hunting surfers, oil barges, urchin divers, or yacht-driving pleasure cruisers-must keep one eye out for the ever-changing weather conditions of the channel. Known the world over for being able to switch from calm to chaotic in mere minutes, the Santa Barbara Channel is “a tricky place to forecast,” said Mark Jackson, the NOAA National Weather Service Southern California honcho. He lamented the likely loss of the offshore buoys , instruments that he said play a fundamental role in his agency forecasting and issuing of marine advisories and warnings. “When the north winds pick up, you can get some real strange and nasty effects real fast at the start of the islands,” he said . “The more tools we have to monitor this, the better.” And with the geography of the islands and the South Coast working essentially as a massive funnel, all of these ill developments have very serious implications for boaters who find themselves “downstream. “Known simply as Buoy 23 (17 nautical miles northwest of Pt. Arguello) and Buoy 54 (38 nautical miles west of Santa Barbara), the two stations slated for shutdown are located at the aforementioned” start of the islands, “thus providing a critical Prada Handbags stream of information via radio and Internet that ocean-goers can use to predict disaster even when they e several miles from safety. Summing up the significance of NOAA decision, Santa Barbara Harbor operations director Mick Kronman was distraught, saying “This is very disconcerting for the boating public. Information from those buoys is crucial to recreational and commercial boater safety alike. “In slightly saltier terms, one longtime fisher put it this way during an anonymous phone call this week:” It simple, man. Lose those buoys and there a good chance somebody will die eventually, “he said. The current situation is almost identical to one that occurred in 2005, when the approximately 60,000-per-year that keeps these buoys afloat dried up. At that time, the seafaring data collectors were supported financially by the Minerals Management Service (MMS) as part of a longterm research project with San Diego Scripps Institute. When MMS decided to pull the plug, NOAA stepped in and wrote a 160,000 check meant to bankroll the buoys for two more years. With that kickdown now all but gone, Jackson explained the current plan: “The buoys will be disestablished and removed early this fall. However, if anything happens to them between now and then-like they break down or malfunction-they won be fixed. “Hoping to stop the action and solicit another last-minute save, Kronman said that both the National Weather Service and the Channel NHL Tickets Islands National Marine Sanctuary have begun a letter-writing campaign to their supervisors, as has the City of Santa Barbara. Calls to the National Data Buoy Center in Mississippi, the headquarters for NOAA buoy operations, were not returned. The Arguello and West Santa Barbara channel devices are just two of nine total buoys in and around the channel, in addition to several other data recording devices in both near-and off-shore waters. With this in mind, Jackson said that another possible solution, though “certainly less than ideal,” would involve relocating one or two of the remaining buoy stations, likely the Pt . Conception buoy, closer to the West Santa Barbara Channel location.

THE MARINER HANDBOOK-PILOTING 2

admin — Wed, 25 Jan 2012 19:32:11 +0000

December 12, 2010
Records
Ensure the following records are assembled and personnel assigned to maintain them:? Bearing Record Book: The bearing recorders for the primary and secondary plots should record all the bearings used on their plot during the entire transit.
The books should clearly list what NAVAIDS are being used and what method of navigation was being used on their plot. In practice, the primary bearing book will contain mostly visual bearings and the secondary bearing book will contain mostly radar ranges and bearings.
? Fathometer Log: In restricted waters, monitor soundings continuously and record soundings every five minutes in the fathometer log. Record all fathometer settings that could affect the sounding display.
? Deck Log: This log is the legal record of the passage.
Record all ordered course and speed changes. Record all the navigator recommendations and whether the navigator concurs with the actions of the conning officer.
Record all buoys passed, and the shift between different Rules of the Road. Record the name and embarkation of any pilot. Record who has the conn at all times. Record any casualty or important event. The deck log combined with the bearing log should constitute a complete record of the passage.
Tides and CurrentsDetermining the tidal and current conditions of the port is crucial. This process is covered in depth in Chapter 9. In order to anticipate early or late transit, plot a graph of the tidal range for the 24-hour period centered on the scheduled time of arrival or departure. Depending on a vessel draft and the harbor depth, some vessels may be able to transit only at high tide. If this is this case, it is critically important to determine the time and range of the tide correctly.
The magnitude and direction of the current will give the navigator some idea of ??the set and drift the vessel will experience during the transit. This will allow him to plan in advance for any potential current effects in the vicinity of navigational hazards.
While printed tide tables can be used for predicting and plotting tides, it is far more efficient to use a computer with appropriate software, or the internet, to compute tides and print out the graphs. These graphs can be posted on the bridge at the chart table for ready reference, and copies made for others involved in the piloting process. Always remember that tide tables give predicted data, but that actual conditions may be quite different due to weather or other natural phenomena.
WeatherThe navigator should obtain a weather report covering the route which he intends to transit. This will allow him to prepare for any adverse weather by stationing extra lookouts, adjusting speed for poor visibility, and preparing for radar navigation. If the weather is thick, consider standing off the harbor until it clears.
The navigator can receive weather information any number of ways. Military vessels may receive weather reports from their parent squadrons prior to coming into port. Marine band radio carries continuous weather reports.
Many vessels are equipped with weather facsimile machines. Some navigators carry cellular phones to reach shoreside personnel and harbor control; these can also be used to get weather reports from NOAA weather stations. If the ship is using a weather routing service for the voyage, it should provide forecasts when asked. Finally, if the vessel has an internet connection, this is an ideal source of weather data. However he obtains the information, the navigator should have a good idea of ??the weather before entering piloting waters.
The Piloting BriefAssemble the entire navigation team for a piloting brief prior to entering or leaving port. The vessel captain and navigator should conduct the briefing. All navigation and bridge personnel should attend. The pilot , if he is already on board, should also attend. If the pilot is not onboard when the ship company is briefed, the navigator should immediately brief him when he embarks. The pilot must know the ship maneuvering characteristics before entering restricted waters. The briefing should cover, as a minimum, the following:
? Detailed Coverage of the Track Plan: Go over the planned route in detail. Use the prepared and approved chart as part of this brief. Concentrate especially on all the NAVAIDS and soundings which are being used to indicate danger. Cover the buoyage system in use and the port major NAVAIDS. Point out the radar NAVAIDS for the radar operator. Often, a Fleet Guide or Sailing Directions will have pictures of a port NAVAIDS. This is especially important for the piloting party that has never transited a particular port before. If no pictures are available, consider stationing a photographer to take some for submission to NIMA.
? Harbor Communications: Discuss the bridge -to bridge radio frequencies used to raise harbor control.
Discuss what channel the vessel is supposed to monitor on its passage into port and the port communication protocol.
? Duties and Responsibilities: Each member of the piloting team must have a thorough understanding of his duties and responsibilities. He must also understand how his part fits into the whole. The radar plotter, for example, must know if radar will be the primary or secondary source of fix information. The bearing recorder must know what fix interval the navigator is planning to use. Each person must be thoroughly briefed on his job; there is little time for questions once the vessel enters the channel.
Evolutions Prior to Piloting
The navigator should always accomplish the following evolutions prior to piloting:
? Testing the Shaft on the Main Engines in the Astern Direction: This ensures that the ship can answer a backing bell. If the ship is entering port, no special precautions are required prior to this test. If the ship is tied up at the pier preparing to get underway, exercise extreme caution to ensure no way is placed on the ship while testing the main engines.
? Making the Anchor Ready for Letting Go: Make the anchor ready for letting go and station a watchstander in direct communications with the bridge at the anchor windlass. Be prepared to drop anchor immediately when piloting if required to keep from drifting too close to a navigational hazard.
? Calculate Gyro Error: An error of greater than 1.0 ° T indicates a gyro problem which should be investigated prior to piloting. There are several ways to determine gyro error: 1. Compare the gyro reading with a known accurate heading reference such as an inertial navigator. The difference in the readings is the gyro error.
2. Mark the bearing of a charted range as the range NAVAID come into line and compare the gyro bearing with the charted bearing. The difference is the gyro error.
3. Prior to getting underway, plot a dockside fix using at least three lines of position. The three LOP should intersect at a point. Their intersecting in a “cocked hat” indicates a gyro error. Incrementally adjust each visual bearing by the same amount and direction until the fix plots as a pinpoint. The total correction required to eliminate the cocked hat is the gyro error.
4. Measure a celestial body azimuth or amplitude, or Polaris azimuth with the gyro, and then compare the measured value with a value computed from the Sight Reduction Tables or the Nautical Almanac.
Report the magnitude and direction of the gyro error to the navigator and captain. The direction of the error is determined by the relative magnitude of the gyro reading and the value against which it is compared. When the compass is least, the error is east. Conversely, when the compass is best, the error is west. See Chapter 6.
Inbound Voyage Planning
The vessel planned estimated time of arrival (ETA) at its mooring determines the vessel course and speed to the harbor entrance. Arriving at the mooring site on time may be important in a busy port which operates its port services on a tight schedule. Therefore, it is important to plan the arrival accurately. Take the desired time of arrival at the mooring and subtract from that the time it will take to navigate to it from the entrance. The resulting time is when you must arrive at the harbor entrance. Next, measure the distance between the vessel present location and the harbor entrance. Determine the speed of advance (SOA) the vessel will use to make the transit to the harbor. Use the distance to the harbor and the SOA to calculate what time to leave the present position to make the mooring ETA, or what speed must be made good to arrive on time.
Consider these factors which might affect this decision:
? Weather: This is the single most important factor in harbor approach planning because it directly affects the vessel SOA. The thicker the weather, the more slowly the vessel must proceed. Therefore, if heavy fog or rain is in the forecast, the navigator must allow more time for the transit.
? Mooring Procedures: The navigator must take more than distance into account when calculating how long it will take him to pilot to his mooring. If the vessel needs a tug, that will increase the time needed. Similarly, picking up or dropping off a pilot adds time to the transit. It is better to allow a margin for error when trying to add up all the time delays caused by these procedures. It is always easier to avoid arriving early by slowing down than it is to make up lost time by speeding up.
? Shipping Density: Generally, the higher the shipping density entering and exiting the harbor, the longer it will take to proceed into the harbor entrance safely.
TRANSITION TO PILOTING
Stationing the Piloting Team
At the appropriate time, station the piloting team. Allow plenty of time to acclimate to the navigational situation and if at night, to the darkness. The number and type of personnel available for the piloting team depend on the vessel. A Navy warship, for example, has more people available for piloting than a merchant ship. Therefore, more than one of the jobs listed below may have to be filled by a single person. The piloting team should consist of:
? The Captain: The captain is ultimately responsible for the safe navigation of his vessel. His judgment regarding navigation is final. The piloting team acts to support the captain, advising him so he can make informed decisions on handling his vessel.
? The Pilot: The pilot is usually the only member of the piloting team not a member of the ship company. The piloting team must understand the relationship between the pilot and the captain. The pilot is perhaps the captain most important navigational advisor.
Generally, the captain will follow his recommendations when navigating an unfamiliar harbor. The pilot, too, bears some responsibility for the safe passage of the vessel; he can be censured for errors of judgment which cause accidents. However, the presence of a pilot in no way relieves the captain of his ultimate responsibility for safe navigation. The piloting team works to support and advise the captain.
? The Officer of the Deck (Conning Officer): In Navy piloting teams, neither the pilot or the captain usually has the conn. The officer having the conn directs the ship movements by rudder and engine orders.
Another officer of the ship company usually fulfills this function. The captain can take the conn immediately simply by issuing an order to the helm should an emergency arise. The conning officer of a merchant vessel can be either the pilot, the captain, or another watch officer. In any event, the officer having the conn must be clearly indicated in the ship deck log at all times. Often a single officer will have the deck and the conn. However, sometimes a junior officer will take the conn for training. In this case, different officers will have the deck and the conn. The officer who retains the deck retains the responsibility for the vessel safe navigation.
 ? The Navigator: The vessel navigator is the officer directly responsible to the ship captain for the safe navigation of the ship. He is the captain principal navigational advisor. The piloting team works for him.
He channels the required information developed by the piloting team to the ship conning officer on recommended courses, speeds, and turns. He also carefully looks ahead for potential navigational hazards and makes appropriate recommendations. He is the most senior officer who devotes his effort exclusively to monitoring the navigation picture. The captain and the conning officer are concerned with all aspects of the passage, including contact avoidance and other necessary ship evolutions (making up tugs, maneuvering alongside a small boat for personnel transfers, engineering evolutions, and coordinating with harbor control via radio, for example). The navigator, on the other hand, focuses solely on safe navigation. It is his job to anticipate dangers, keep himself appraised of the navigation situation at all times, and manage the team.
 ? Bearing Plotting Team: This team consists, ideally, of three persons. The first person measures the bearings. The second person records the bearings in an official record book. The third person plots the bearings. The more quickly and accurately this process is completed, the sooner the navigator has an accurate picture of the ship position. The bearing taker should be an experienced individual who has traversed the port before and who is familiar with the NAVAIDS.
He should take his round of bearings as quickly as possible, beam bearings first, minimizing any time delay errors in the resulting fix. The plotter should also be an experienced individual who can quickly and accurately lay down the required bearings. The bearing recorder can be one of the junior members of the piloting team.
? The Radar Operator: The radar operator has one of the more difficult jobs of the team. The radar is as important for collision avoidance as it is for navigation. Therefore, this operator must often “time share” the radar between these two functions.
Determining the amount of time spent on these functions falls within the judgment of the captain and the navigator. If the day is clear and the traffic heavy, the captain may want to use the radar mostly for collision avoidance. As the weather worsens, obscuring visual NAVAIDS, the importance of radar for safe navigation increases. The radar operator must be given clear guidance on how the captain and navigator want the radar to be operated.
? Plot Supervisors: On many military ships, the piloting team will consist of two plots: the primary plot and the secondary plot. The navigator should designate the type of navigation that will be employed on the primary plot.
All other fix sources should be plotted on the secondary plot. The navigator can function as the primary plot supervisor. A senior, experienced individual should be employed as a secondary plot supervisor. The navigator should frequently compare the positions plotted on both plots as a check on the primary plot.
There are three major reasons for maintaining a primary and secondary plot. First, as mentioned above, the secondary fix sources provide a good check on the accuracy of visual piloting. Large discrepancies between visual and radar positions may point out a problem with the visual fixes that the navigator might not otherwise suspect. Secondly, the navigator often must change the primary means of navigation during the transit . He may initially designate visual bearings as the primary fix method only to have a sudden storm or fog obscure the visual NAVAIDS. If he shifts the primary fix means to radar, he has a track history of the correlation between radar and visual fixes. Finally , the piloting team often must shift charts several times during the transit. When the old chart is taken off the plotting table and before the new chart is secured, there is a period of time when no chart is in use.
 Maintaining a secondary plot eliminates this complication.
Ensure the secondary plot is not shifted prior to getting the new primary plot chart down on the chart table. In this case, there will always be a chart available on which to pilot. Do not consider the primary chart shifted until the new chart is properly secured and the plotter has transferred the last fix from the original chart onto the new chart.
? Satellite Navigation Operator: This operator normally works for the secondary plot supervisor. GPS accuracy with Selective Availability (SA) on is not sufficient for navigating restricted waters; but with SA off, GPS can support harbor navigation, in which case it should be considered as only one aid to navigation, not as a substitute for the entire process. If the team loses visual bearings in the channel and no radar NAVAIDS are available, GPS may be the most accurate fix source available. The navigator must have some data on the comparison between satellite positions and visual positions over the history of the passage to use satellite positions effectively. The only way to obtain this data is to plot satellite positions and compare these positions to visual positions throughout the harbor passage.
? Fathometer Operator: Run the fathometer continuously and station an operator to monitor it. Do not rely on audible alarms to key your attention to this critically important piloting tool. The fathometer operator must know the warning and danger soundings for the area the vessel is transiting. Most fathometers can display either total depth of water or depth under the keel. Set the fathometer to display depth under the keel. The navigator must check the sounding at each fix and compare that value to the charted sounding. A discrepancy between these values ??is cause for immediate action to take another fix and check the ship position.
Harbor Approach (Inbound Vessels Only)
The piloting team must make the transition from coastal navigation to piloting smoothly as the vessel approaches restricted waters. There is no rigid demarcation between coastal navigation and piloting. Often visual NAVAIDS are visible miles from shore where Loran and GPS are easier to use. The navigator should take advantage of this overlap when approaching the harbor. Plotting Loran, GPS, and visual fixes concurrently ensures that the piloting team has correctly identified NAVAIDS and that the different types of systems are in agreement. Once the vessel is close enough to the shore such that sufficient NAVAIDS (at least three with sufficient bearing spread) become visible, the navigator should order visual bearings only for the primary plot and shift all other fixes to the secondary plot, unless the decision has been made to proceed with ECDIS as the primary system.
Take advantage of the coastal navigation and piloting overlap to shorten the fix interval gradually. The navigator must use his judgment in adjusting fix intervals. If the ship is steaming inbound directly towards the shore, set a fix interval such that two fix intervals lie between the vessel and the nearest danger. Upon entering restricted waters, the piloting team should be plotting visual fixes at three minute intervals.
Commercial vessels with GPS and / or Loran C, planning the harbor transit with a pilot, will approach a coast differently. The transition from ocean to coastal to harbor approach navigation will proceed as visual aids and radar targets appear and are plotted. With GPS or ECDIS operating and a waypoint set at the pilot station, only a few fixes are necessary to verify that the GPS position is correct. Once the pilot is aboard, the captain / pilot team may elect to navigate visually, depending on the situation.